The numerous accommodations and modifications that teachers make for students often amount to a lengthy list. These adjustments can involve altering not only instruction but also lesson materials, which tend to exhaust much of a teacher’s planning time. While circumstances, symptoms, and needs vary from student to student, there are some of the best “universal” practices that teachers can employ when a student is impacted by a medical condition, without causing a disproportional amount of stress to the teacher.
Symptom: Inattentiveness
Strategies
Considerations
Verbal/non-verbal prompting or cueing
Checklists or sticky notes for work completion; a checkmark or small sticky on the desk indicating strong/prolonged focus
Offer preferential seating
Proximity while giving instructions/directions
Brain breaks for lengthy texts or multi-step tasks
Brisk transitions between tasks/activities to build attentive momentum
Prompting and cueing could be as subtle as tapping on the desk to regain focus, and could be as direct as asking which number the student is on and encouraging further progress
Checklists or sticky notes would typically be paired with a weekly/monthly incentive to track student’s attention goal (504/IEP)
Preferential seating doesn’t necessarily mean in the front of the classroom; this could mean near the teacher’s desk, away from the window or hallway, or in the quieter back corner of the room
Symptom: Vision issues
Strategies
Considerations
Offer preferential seating
Provide larger text/font size on handouts
Limit screen time or allow frequent breaks during prolonged screen use
Provide highlighted and/or condensed teacher notes
Suggest colored overlays for students whose vision issues are exacerbated by bright white paper (often seen with PANDAS)
Highlighted/condensed teacher notes allow students to follow along with notes/outlines without straining their eyes to copy from the board
Notes also ensure that only vital information is visually presented, avoiding extraneous details
Colored overlays are inexpensive plastic sheets that students can lay over a textbook, worksheet, or even computer screen to dull the brightness of the white background
Symptom: Working memory/memory processing difficulties
Strategies
Considerations
Allow extended time for assessments and lengthier assignments, including a reduced workload when necessary
Provide wordbanks, multiple-choice options, and true/false for exam questions that involve more memory recall or fact-based knowledge
Allow use of a calculator for math assessments not hinging on mental math skills
Provide sentence starters or transition wordbanks for essays or timed writing tasks
Extended time should account for the fact that the student likely required twice as much time to review and memorize info prior to the assessment
When possible, reduce the exam questions to account for mastery of the skill, not the number of questions answered
Quiz and test modifications, such as word banks, assist students with recall by providing examples
True/false questions still assess the student’s knowledge of the concept but reduce unnecessary memorization
If a math quiz is not based solely on the student’s knowledge of multiplication/division facts, the use of a calculator removes the mental math and memorization barrier
Symptom: Executive functioning difficulties
Strategies
Considerations
Give checklists for multi-step assignments or complex tasks, making sure to model how to order multiple tasks and check off to-dos as students finish sections
Maintain consistent routines
Provide approximate, suggested lengths of time for homework and/or classwork
Provide brisk transitions between tasks/activities to build attentive momentum
Model organizational strategies
Check in frequently
Simplify written instructions and verbally review instructions for clarity
Review daily and/or weekly agenda; highlight due dates
Allow students to write directly on assessments; avoid bubble sheets
Consistent routines ensure that students know the basic procedural expectations and can execute them independently
Students may need to be explicitly shown how to place papers in organized sections of a binder
Students may need extra time at the end of class to organize papers, materials, etc. in designated places to maintain organization
Allowing students to respond directly on test booklets avoids the confusion of bubble sheets and/or the likelihood of them losing their place or skipping questions.
Symptom: Fine motor issues
Strategies
Considerations
Enable use of a word processor for written assignments
Provide teacher notes; modified note-taking
Utilize multiple-choice, true/false, matching, or short answer opportunities to allow students to demonstrate mastery
Provide the student with a larger or slanted work surface
Use larger lines, boxes, or spaces for written responses
Allow the student to use bulleted responses when appropriate
Encourage the use of a mouse instead of a touchpad
Utilize speech to text technology if available, or a human scribe if not
Offer pencil grips for writing and wrist supports for typing
Allow verbal responses
If providing teacher notes, encourage students to participate by highlighting or starring essential material; have them include labels or symbols while following along.
For lengthy assignments, consider other methods for demonstrating understanding:
Put story events in order using event cards instead of writing a summary
Match pictured steps/photo cards of a science lab to written steps, then put them in order
Use Scrabble letters or alphabet cards to take a spelling quiz, instead of writing out the list
Symptom: Behavioral issues
Strategies
Considerations
Utilize verbal/non-verbal prompting or cueing
Use positive reinforcement when procedures/behavioral expectations are followed
Offer preferential seating
Give instructions/directions in closer proximity to the student
Allow frequent breaks for lengthy texts or multi-step tasks
Utilize brisk transitions between tasks/activities to deter off-task behavior
Use data tracking sheets and hold a weekly conference with the student, possibly providing incentives
Utilize the 2 X 10 strategy to build positive relationships between adults and students. In this technique, teachers engage a student in a meaningful, genuine, 2-minute conversation, unrelated to academics, over a span of 10 days.
Prompting and cueing could be as subtle as tapping on the desk to deter off-task behavior.
Prompting could also be as direct as reminding a student of behavioral expectations
Checklists or sticky notes would typically be paired with a weekly/monthly incentive to track a student’s behavior goal (504/IEP)
Preferential seating doesn’t necessarily mean in the front of the classroom; this could mean near the teacher’s desk, away from the window or hallway, or in the quieter back corner of the room.
Moving closer (proximity) or sustaining eye contact can often deter misbehavior.
The 2 X 10 strategy is proven to build rapport in difficult classrooms. It encourages a positive outlook regarding school and adults in schools.
The classroom environment is filled with a countless array of personalities, abilities, and levels of motivation. Add to that the various medical considerations or chronic illnesses that students might experience and teachers no doubt feel stressed about making sure every learner receives what he or she needs in order to be academically successful. To ensure that students’ accommodations are met, every student must be provided with differentiated, personalized learning experiences to foster intrinsic motivation and appropriate levels of challenge.
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Wendy Taylor, M.Ed has extensive experience working with students of all ages and abilities, with a focus on learning differences and disabilities. Prior to founding Learning Essentials, she served as a faculty member at Saint Petersburg College, a supervisor of pre-service teachers and a Montgomery County Public School teacher. A certified educator and qualified educational diagnostician, Wendy holds a B.S. in Social Science and Secondary Education from Frostburg State University and a M.Ed. in Special Education from George Mason University.
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